The Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost...

The Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost The poem Birches, by Robert Frost, illustrates the authors ability to take what seems to be the mundane activities of life and turn it into something that holds a deeper meaning. The poem taken literally revolves around a boy living on the New England countryside whose only play was what he found himself, in this case, riding birch branches. The poem is very literal in language but by analyzing each line, different themes and interpretations may be found. A more deeper and figurative meaning to Birches is its theme of life and death. The poem begins with a description of the adventures of a young boy. The first half of Birches portrays the youthful†¦show more content†¦Life is not meant for the meek, because life waits for no one. In accordance with life themes, another one mentioned is that people always wish for what they cant have. In this case, the narrator wishes that he could go back into time, So was I once myself a swinger of birchesAnd so I dream of going back to be. However, that is not the full meaning of those lines. In the next line after, Frost writes, Its when Im weary of considerationsAnd life is too much like a pathless wood. The narrator is stating that he wishes to go back when the world turns to chaos. When nothing goes right, he wants to escape into his dream world of the past. This is a parallel characteristic of people even today. Along the same lines of themes, another one is that people always want a do-over. This is stated when the narrator says, Id like to get away from earth awhileAnd then come back to it and begin over. He does not reject earth because in the next line, he says, Earths the right place for loveI dont know where its likely to go better. In the final part of the poem, Frost writes, Id like to go by climbing a birch treeAnd climb black branches up a snow-white trunkToward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,But dipped its top and set me down againThat would be goodShow MoreRelatedPoem, Birches And Out, Out By Robert Frost1116 Words   |  5 PagesTheme, Figurative Speech and Tones in â€Å"Birches† and â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco. Descended from the New Englanders generations, his parents, make Robert Frost is much associated with New England. In addition, most of his poems were well-known as a reflection from New England life. Despite that, he was a kind of subtle poet and generally recognized as a private man. Moreover, his appearance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy to recite â€Å"The Gift Outright†Read More A Comparison of the Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost1062 Words   |  5 PagesDickinson and Robert Frost The poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost contains similar themes and ideas. Both poets attempt to romanticize nature and both speak of death and loneliness. Although they were more than fifty years apart, these two seem to be kindred spirits, poetically speaking. Both focus on the power of nature, death, and loneliness. The main way in which these two differ is in their differing use of tone. The power of nature is a recurring theme in the poetry ofRead MoreEssay On Robert Frost1194 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Life and Accomplishments â€Å"Dont ever take a fence down until you know why it was put up.† What a great quote by Robert Lee Frost, and there remain many of more that he wrote. Robert Frost wrote many of his best poems on several levels of meaning. He was one of best and most loved and respected poets. He did a great job capturing the hearts of his audience with his natural imagery and ability to use many metaphors to reveal the realism that he was trying to create. However, RobertRead MoreThe Tuft Of Flowers By Robert Frost864 Words   |  4 Pages Robert Frost said many times throughout his life that all men share a common bond. In his poem â€Å"The Tuft of Flowers† he analyzes the potential of such a bond, in first person. Frost turns an everyday common job, into discovering a common bond with another laborer. The author uses a comparison between aloneness with a sense of understanding to demonstrate his theme of unity between two men. In another one of Frost’s poems â€Å"Birches† he imagines walking through the woods looking at all the trees,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Birches And Hanging Fire By Audre Lorde1348 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone feels about it, childhood is a critical part of life. In the poems â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Hanging Fire† by Audre Lorde, the authors explore what it is like to be a child and the major transition from childhood to adulthood. While Frost does so through the voice of an adult, Lorde chose to accomplish this from a child’s perspective. Although, the speakers are not the only aspects of the poem that sets them apart. In â€Å"Birches†, Frost describes childhood as a simplistic, carefree and innocentRead MoreLove and Nature in the Poems of Robert Frost Essay2313 Words   |  10 Pagesmade all the difference.† (Frost 697) Robert Frost was a unique writer of the 20th century. In his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† Birches Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Fire and Ice and Mending Wall Robert Frost explores the theme of nature, and the human emotion love. Robert Frost is considered a humanist and is one of the most well-known American poets. â€Å"If the United States ever adopted a national poet, chances are it would be Robert Frost. By the time Frost died in 1963 at the ageRead MoreRobert Frosts Use of Nature and Love3230 Words   |  13 Pagesdifference† (Frost 697). Robert Frost was a unique writer of the twentieth century. In his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†, â€Å"Birches†, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, â€Å"Fire and Ice†, â€Å"Mending Wall†, and â€Å"After Apple-picking†. Robert Frost explores the theme of nature and the human emotion love. Robert Frost is considered a humanist and is one of the most well-known American poets. Robert Frost died in 1963, at the age of eighty-eight. However his poetry is still legendary. Frost earned the PulitzerRead MoreThemes in Poetry586 Words   |  2 PagesThemes in poetry are about the topics the poet chooses to writ e about. It represents how the poet feels and thinks about the subject. Themes like childhood, comedy, war and imagination often appear in poetry. In Robert Frost’s poems â€Å"Out, Out† and â€Å"Birches† he uses the theme of death. Emily Dickinson also uses death for the theme in her poems â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz - when I died† and â€Å"Because I could not stop for death.† In the poem â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost a young man in New England was using aRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Birches559 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Birches  Ã‚   The discursive blank-verse meditation Birches does not center on a continuously encountered and revealing nature scene; rather, it builds a mosaic of thoughts from fragments of memory and fantasy. Its vividness and genial, bittersweet speculation help make it one of Frosts most popular poems, and because its shifts of metaphor and tone invite varying interpretation it has also received much critical discussion, not always admiring. The poem moves back and forth betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Birches 3014 Words   |  13 PagesThe most misinterpreted element in Robert Frost poetry is his use of nature in a symbolic way. Frost is not describing the inner workings of nature as we see it all around us, but about exploring human psychology. For example, Frost uses Homely farmers, rural scenes, landscapes, and the natural world to epitomize a psychological struggle with an everyday experience that is often met with courage, will, and purpose; contextually, using Frostâ€℠¢s own life and personal psychology. Frost’s attitude in

An Example Of A And A Neurocognitive Disorders And How...

When studying abnormal psychology, we have learned about a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders and how they affect personality and behavior. In this paper I will discuss an example of both a neurodevelopmental and a neurocognitive disorder. Within each of these disorders I will provide behavioral criteria, incidence rates, causes and treatments options for each of the disorders. The first disorder I am going to discuss is the neurodevelopmental disorder, Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome has always been fascinating to be as to its causes and its effects on people. Down Syndrome is congenital disorder resulting from a chromosome defect. Human’s have 23 pairs of chromosomes giving us a total of 46 chromosomes. When a person has Down Syndrome, they have 2 copies of chromosome 21, as opposed to the normal 1 copy of it. People who have Down Syndrome still have 23 pairs of chromosomes but, with an additional copy of chromosome 21, they have a total of 47 chromosomes. â€Å"This additional genetic material alters the course of development and causes the characteristics associated with Down syndrome† (What is Down Syndrome, 2012). People who have from Down Syndrome will display both physical and cognitive symptoms ranging from mild to sever depending on the person. Physical symptoms of people with Down Syndrome can include; low muscle tone, small stature, f lattened facial profile, wide hands with short fingers, and an upward slant in eyes. Cognitive symptoms of DownShow MoreRelatedCase Study (Schizophrenia)1494 Words   |  6 Pagesinsists that he can feel the organ rotting inside of him. This thought seems to have developed after he watched a television program on the side effects of alcoholism. Besides that, Benny also started to ‘see’ things not from the world. For example, on one occasion, Benny was watering his plants when suddenly he yelled at the neighbour’s son, ordering him to duck and take cover for the attacks from Mars. He’d also warned the young man to shut the curtains before bed, to not be curious of anyRead MoreYouth Side Effects1116 Words   |  5 Pagesattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and BPD, including behavioral and neurocognitive debilitations, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and BPD, for example, emotional and relational unsettling influences, point to conceivable formative connections between these youth issue and BPD. Two papers in this segment analyze ODD and ADHD as youth hazard factors for BPD in puberty and youthful adulthood. Strangely, the two papers found a comparative example of results despite the fact thatRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |   7 PagesIntroduction The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physicalRead MorePsychological And Psychological Aspects Of Psychological Disorders1814 Words   |  8 PagesPsychological Disorders A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance within an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior. Typically, a behavior is marked as disturbing or dysfunctional when they interfere with one’s day-to-day life. The medical model approach assumes that a psychological disorder is a mental illness and comes with physical causes that can be diagnosed, sometimes treated, and sometimes cured through therapy or possibly throughRead MoreThe Effects of Bipolar Disorder on Children and Their Families1778 Words   |  8 Pagesand these mood changes have been identified as disorders. One example, bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the oldest known diseases. It has grown into one of the most common illnesses that people of every age, culture, and gender must deal with on an everyday basis. In recent times bipolar disorder has become quite prevalent in children and adolescents causing and increased concern and interest in this ar ea. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder, characterized by recurrent manic or hypomanicRead MoreMethamphetamine : The Role Of Social Stigma1949 Words   |  8 Pagesinterpersonal conflicts, paranoia, and psychosis. Moreover, MA has been associated with an increased in risky sexual behavior, HIV transmission, homelessness, children neglect, aggressive encounters with law enforcement, and increase in drug trafficking due to demand that have emancipated entire communities in the U.S. and worldwide (Rawson, Ling, Shoptaw, 2010). To better understand how to address this methamphetamine epidemic, it is paramount to consider that underlying factors at an individual levelRead MoreThe Effects Of Drinking On Underage Drinking3458 Words   |  14 Pagesthat can affect their social and mental development. 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NDD includes Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s dementia, dementia due to Huntington s disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and vascular dementia, with Alzheimer’s dementia being the most prevalent (Lewis, 2003; Simpson, 2014). NDD generally affectsRead MoreAlcohol Dependency Essay2577 Words   |  11 Pagesto the individual (Riley, 1998). There is no known cause for alcohol dependency. However, there are contributing factors to the etiology of alcohol dependence. These factors are age, gender, cultural differences, depression, and schizoid personality traits. The DSM-IV states, â€Å"low educational level, unemployment, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with dependency, although it is often difficult to separate cause from effect† (DSM-IV, 1994, p. 201). Alcohol is more common in males Read MoreWhy Do People Procrastinate And How Can They Avoid It?3145 Words   |  13 Pages 13 December 2014 Why Do People Procrastinate and How Can They Avoid It? Procrastination is pervasive. 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The Validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Free Essays

string(34) " global GAP leaders tend towards\." The proper use of the environment has become a controversial topic in economics. In both of James Beseecher’s lectures during the module, he outlined a critique of mainstream economics currently governing all our policies, and presented several key thinkers In environmental economics. The huge potential for economic growth through the exploitation of the environment has been undeniable. We will write a custom essay sample on The Validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vital resources have forever been and continue to be a necessary component of economic growth. But the environment also performs the essential function of supporting life. Needless to say, if humans impair the earth’s ability to sustain life the consequences would be dire. And unfortunately, the very same exploitation that provides us with crucial economic Inputs can also be the Instrument by which we impair the earth’s ability to support life. Beechen Insisted the world would have to shift Its focus too more sustainable branch of economics. One policy proposed by economists is to allow countries to economically grow out of environmentally damaging activity. Looking at countries with already large economies, we see signs of environmental regulation such as emissions standards, extensive recycling programs, and limited timber harvesting. The economists supporting a policy that Initially allows for environmental degradation assert that If a country can achieve sufficient economic growth In a short period of time then perhaps environmental damage should be tolerated. A well-known hypothesis providing support for a policy that emphasizes economic growth at the expense of environmental protection is the environmental Sunset curve (EKE) hypothesis. It posits that countries in the development process will see their levels of environmental degradation increase until some Income threshold Is met and then afterwards decrease. If true, economic polices should allow extensive, although not necessarily absolute, use of the environment for growth purposes. But carrying out such policies involves inherent dangers. If developing countries decide to overlook environmental protection by counting on rising incomes to abate environmental damage the consequences could be devastating. The most pressing danger is that additional environmental degradation could cause some irreversible and significant harm. This could occur before the predicted Income threshold Is met. The other concern with counting on Incomes to reduce environmental damage Is that the EKE hypothesis could easily be incorrect and relying on its predictions would lead to consistently insufficient protection. This paper evaluates the validity of the EKE hypothesis and argues that it is not a sound basis for policy formation and Justification with so much at stake. The plan of the paper is as follows. Section II examines the basis for the EKE hypothesis and conditions under which It may accurately predict a country’s future environmental at the findings of these studies. Section IV identifies the inherent dangers in determining environmental policy based upon the EKE hypothesis. Some concerns are relevant if the hypothesis does not hold and others are present even if it does prove a correct forecaster of environmental quality. Section V provides a conclusion. Section II: The Concept of the Environmental Sunset Curve The EKE hypothesis asserts that countries will naturally move from relatively low environmentally degrading activity to highly degrading activity and then, once a certain income threshold is achieved, will proceed to less degrading activity once again. This assertion allows one to predict the relative level of environmental damage Ewing caused by a country by looking at GAP per capita. However, this prediction is relative to individual countries. In other words, each country has its own EKE, based upon resource endowment, social customs, etc. From which it progresses along relative to its GAP. A graphical model of the hypothesis helps illustrate the inverted â€Å"U† shape of the relationship: It is important to note that the theoretical EKE graph does not explicitly express time as a dimension and for this reason the use of the EKE hypothesis to Justify policy decision – an action that by definition incorporates time – would appear inadequate. Only by comparing two different countries can the inverted â€Å"U† shaped curve be derived as seen above. However each country possesses its own unique EKE and therefore each country’s policies should be organized accordingly. In order for the graph to show an EKE, and thereby be valid as policy Justification, we must incorporate a time dimension. We find a time dimension along the x-axis. The EKE hypothesis assumes that changes in income per capita only occur over time. By including this supposition of changes in income inherently signifying time, the graph can now show an EKE for a specific country. The identification of a country’s particular EKE provides a basis for using it to influence policy. Possessing the theoretical model by which the EKE hypothesis is used for economic policy we turn our focus to explaining why the inverted â€Å"U† shape exists. There are two primary explanations for the proposed shape of the EKE. The first examines the history of developed countries and the paths they took to achieve development. The second reflects the changing preference for environmental quality as incomes rise. Historically, all developed countries’ economies were originally based upon agriculture, a state that produced little environmental damage. Their economies later switched to a much more environmentally damaging state that focused on industry and manufacturing. Two main factors lead to environmental damage that occurs during industrialization. First, the harmful by-products of production damage the environment. High levels of pollution and water contamination accompany the expansion of industry. The second factor is the increased consumption of natural resources. The extensive over-use of land, deforestation and mining of mountains is a form of environmental damage in and of itself. A common conclusion of this placement pattern is that Olds must pass through the same phases in order to regulations, Olds will be at an economic disadvantage compared to the already developed countries. Many Olds point to this competitive disadvantage when rejecting global environmental standards. The next stage of development saw industrial nations switching to service-based economies, a trend that all global GAP leaders tend towards. You read "The Validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve" in category "Papers" During this phase the income threshold of the Ekes for certain polluting substances appear to have been reached. According to the hypothesis, service-based economies are said to be able to avoid many of the most environmentally damaging economic activities. In theory, environmental impacts also fall as a result of improved technology discovered in developed countries. In some cases technology leads to a more efficient use of inputs. Other technological advancements make it possible to restrict the harmful effects that economic activity have on the environment. The second reason that a high-income level can reduce environmental damage is by altering the demand for environmental quality. Known as the â€Å"income effect†, sufficiently high GAP per capita often leads individuals to place environmental quality above additional economic growth. The aggregation of these individual preferences plays an integral role in determining the income threshold. The EKE income threshold aggregates all environmentally damaging agents into a single numerical value. However, taken individually economists can place dollar values on the turning points of damaging agents. For example, in a 1997 paper by Cole, Earner and Bates, the authors found the turning point of CO and NON emissions to be around $9,900 and $14,700, respectively. Using environmental quality preference as an explanation, the income threshold represents the income level per pita at which the preference for environmental quality outweighs the preference for additional income. This change in preference occurs on a public level, rather than a private one. Microeconomic decisions to support more environmentally friendly goods and services cannot account for the income effect. The issue is instead a matter of public policy. The changes in environmental standards reflect political pressure on governments. According to the EKE hypothesis, changes to evolving economies and the individual preference for environmental quality combine to determine the income threshold. However, whether or not an inverted â€Å"U† shaped curve exists at all is still up for debate. Section Ill: Evidence For and Against the EKE Hypothesis Evidence regarding the EKE hypothesis is circumstantial and inconclusive. Most early studies that supported the hypothesis focused on a single damaging agent, such as a pollutant. Identifying key characteristics associated with agents that have been studied we find that only certain types of agents exhibit an EKE. Evidence supporting the EKE first began in 1994 when Selene and Song derived an EKE for SIS. A later test in 1995 by economists Grossman also found SIS emissions to follow n EKE. They found a turning point between $4,000 and $6,000. Another early documentation of EKE support came from Theodore Pantaloon who found the turning point of deforestation to be $823. After the initial studies, other economists began to investigate the validity of the EKE hypothesis and found refuting evidence. In the 1997 paper by Cole, Earner and Bates, they found no EKE for traffic, nitrates or EKE; rather, energy use per capita rose steadily with increased income. Evidence appears to support the EKE hypothesis only for a limited type of damaging agents. The emission of SIS is found in urban waste areas and is thereby hardhearted by its locality. Deforestation also reflects a situation involving a specific location. Damaging agents that affect only a particular site tend to show Ekes. However, a damaging agent such as traffic is plain to see and also affects certain areas heavily. In this case the agent is dominated by a scale effect – increased activity leads to increased environmental impact. While traffic-related pollution is generally iterated by population size, damaging agents such as energy production by-products increase with GAP per capita. Section lb. Dangers of the EKE Hypothesis in international development There exist many dangers in allowing an economy to simply grow out of environmentally damaging activity. Some of these dangers arise because the EKE hypothesis does not hold true in all cases. Others exist even if we assume the hypothesis as an accurate predictor of environmental conditions. The following is a list of concerns regarding the EKE hypothesis: l. It remains inconclusive if most damaging agents follow the EKE. II. The threshold income may be irrelevantly high or the temporary period of increasing environmental damage too long. Ill. Any decrease in environmental damage seen in developed countries may reflect the exportation of production abroad and subsequent importation. IV. The â€Å"absorptive capacity’ of our earth is unknown. V. Ekes may only exist in certain political atmospheres. A detailed examination of the above concerns illustrates the inherent dangers in accepting the EKE hypothesis and afterwards using it to Justify policy making. As discussed above, only local and regional damaging agents show signs of Ekes. Other â€Å"difficult to detect† agents seem to increase with GAP per capita. This discovery leaves open to question whether more agents than not respond to income increases. If there exist more agents that do not respond then attempting to grow past these impacts would be impossible. Many damaging agents may respond to income levels, but not until GAP per capita approaches out-of-reach levels. If in a developed country, the turning point for a damaging agent is above, say, $50,000 then neglecting to react will create damage for a considerable amount of time. Over the time it takes to achieve the turning point, the environmental damage may become irreversible . Obviously, in a OLD the turning point value needs only to be considerably lower and still have the same adverse effects. Using solely the EKE hypothesis to Justify unsustainable growth is unwise, as the outcome still remains unknown. Another consideration that challenges the EKE evidence is that wealthy countries are massively importing products manufactured in Olds, thereby contributing to environmental degradation; the only difference is that the degradation is not domestic. The first hypothesis to bring up this possibility was the Pollution Haven hypothesis. It states that developed countries export their high polluting industries to Olds whose governments have more lax environmental standards. Many economists follow environmental regulations. However, this does not exclude the possibility of heavy industries existing in Olds and coincidently exporting their products to wealthy countries. In this case, wealthy countries only started along the downward slope on the EKE by domestically reducing environmental damage. When taken globally their increased consumption due to income may without doubt still be increasingly damaging. Another danger is that leaving the quality of our environment subject to economic activity, even for only a short period, may well prove to be disastrous. The ability of the earth to absorb the damaging agents produced by economic activity, called â€Å"absorptive capacity,† is not yet known. A final concern is that even if countries can achieve high levels of income per capita they may not possess a political atmosphere conducive to environmental protection. Assuming that the aggregate turning point in a country is reached, that country is not necessarily going to enact environmental protection. The most successful avenues for obtaining environmental quality, it seems, are lobbyists. Without a government that responds to political pressure by these public groups here is no reason to believe that its policies will reflect the demand for a cleaner environment, if such demand exists at all. Indeed, it also remains to be seen if all cultures place similar values on environmental quality. Section V: Conclusion The questions and concerns about the EKE hypothesis examined in this paper raise significant doubt as to the wisdom of adopting environmental policy based upon the EKE hypothesis. Even assuming its validity, the EKE hypothesis generates considerable doubt as to its effectiveness at balancing economic growth with environmental protection. In order to effectively produce a critique of the EKE, the present paper assumes growth is still regarded as the sole goal of economic development. The hypothesis indeed uses rising incomes as a factor of time. Calls however have been growing stronger for a shift of focus from economic growth towards well-being, equality and sustainability. How to cite The Validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, Papers

Corporate Responsibility Ethics Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Responsibility Ethics Management? Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility or CSR has become significantly popular in past few decades with the increase in requirement of transparency in business operations and embracing an ethical culture in organisations. It is based on the old concept that corporations should not only focus on enhancing their profits, they should also care regarding their duties as a corporate citizen. The popularity of international corporations has grown significantly due to globalisation, especially in developed countries. CSR policies ensure the social and ethical behaviour of giant corporations in different countries. But there is no strict policy regarding proper implementation of CSR policies. Many large corporations misuse their position even after implementing CSR policies. This essay will analyse different advantages and disadvantages of implementing CSR policies. Further, the essay will evaluate various theories from experts and examine the situation from different companys perspective. Merits and Demerits of CSR Policies Corporate Social Responsibility has been a trending topic in past few decades. With the globalisation of the economy, many organisations have enhanced their business in several countries. In the beginning, most of these corporations focus on making profits rather than developing countries. But the introduction of CSR policies stops companies from misusing their powers and performing certain tasks for development of different parties. As per Crane, Matten and Spence (2013), before CSR policy there were several other regulations such as ethical policies and code of conducts which prevents corporations from misusing their positions, but those policies were often misused by organisations. CSR policies are self-regulated by the corporation, these are policies are against profitability motive and for the goodwill of society. According to the book of Hopkins (2012), managers of large organisations across the globe have accepted the importance of implementing CSR policies in corporations str ategy. In modern times, there are several unethical actions conducted by organisations, such as tax scandal of HSBC. As per Robinson (2015), the bank was letting rich clients evade tax and also overvalued its value in financial statements. Another example is tax evasion scandal in the United Kingdom, in which large corporations such as Facebook, Amazon, and Starbucks was included. These scandals show the requirement of better and strict CSR policies in a large organisation. The role of government has shrunk in past few decades and ethical policies applicability is based on the voluntary and non-voluntary basis. The unethical activities of corporations increased pollution and reduce the natural resources. It is important for organisations to protect natural resources and reduce their carbon footprint. Though the concept of ethical business practices has been known from 1800, due to change in industries and peoples lifestyles, CSR has become popular in previous few decades. According to Joshua (2016), more than 66 percent of customers have said on online platforms that they would pay extra to purchase products from companies which follow strict environmental and social responsibilities. The primary benefit of CSR is that effective CSR policy benefits organisations in retention and recruitment process. The companies which apply an effective CSR policy have more satisfied and happier workers. The reason is that employees feel they are contributing their work to the improvement of society and environment. Few examples of companies with strict and effective CSR policies include Google, Ben Jerrys and Target. Google has been awarded the best place to work several times because of their effective CSR policy. As per Wang (2016), they are a large corporation, but due to their Google Green policy, they use efficient and renewable energy to operate their processes. As per Melo and Garrido-Morgado (2012), other than leaving an ethical impact, there are numerous advantages of applying an effective CSR policy in the organisation. An effective CSR policy enhanced the reputation of the corporation in the market. Worlds largest and most reputed corporations such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Starbucks are known for applying effective CSR policies. These organisations do not just focus on increasing their revenues instead they give back to society and work better to help the environment. Another benefit of CSR policies is protection and preservation of the environment and its resources. Apple and Google are forming new ways to powering their offices with natural energy. According to Alter (2017), Apple operates 100 percent of their data centers and 96 percent of their other facilities worldwide with natural energy sources such as solar, hydro and the wind. All the products manufactured by Apple are 100 percent recyclable and made with envir onmentally friendly products. Another benefit is that effective CSR policy attracts high capital inflow from different sources. As per the research of Kim, Park and Wier (2012), modern investors prefer to invest in companies with effective CSR policies because these companies maintain transparency in operations and provide full disclosure to its shareholders. Another benefit is the reputation of the company since corporation with better CSR policy has a high reputation in the market. The change in lifestyle of people has increased the demand for environmentally friendly and quality products in the market. Customers prefer to pay extra for a product which does not pollute the environment. Starbucks has implemented this strategy successfully; the company provides high quality and environmentally friendly products to their customers at a high price than compared to their competitors. With these benefits, there are few disadvantages of CSR policies as well. The primary disadvantage of applying CSR policy is that companys focus shifts from profit making. As per Kim, Li and Li (2014), the main motive of organisations is to earn profits, but CSR policies require organisations to think about benefiting society. The corporations forget about their responsibility towards shareholders and instead focus on providing funds to society. The second significant drawback of implementing CSR policy is enhancement in the cost of production of companies. As per Reverte (2012), in order to apply environmental friendly energy sources, organisations are required to change their entire manufacturing procedures. This change requires a high level of expenditure which cannot be afforded by small or even medium corporations. Increase in cost of production also reduced the overall net profit of the corporation. The third disadvantage of CSR is that the constant disclosure and transparency can negatively affect the reputation of the organisation. As per Dhaliwal, Li, Tsang and Yang (2014), the corporation is required to provide shortcoming of their products and services which reduce the trust of customers in the corporation. For example, car manufacturing companies calling back their vehicles due to its flaws eventually reduce the reputation of the organisation. Customers and investors prefer to associate with popular and reputable corporations, so companies do not prefer strict CSR policies since it can affect their reputation adversely. Another disadvantage is that in case of customers, in the beginning, they prefer a company with strong CSR policies who is doing good for society, but lack of instant result made them think these policies are not working (Rivera, Bigne and Curras-Perez, 2016). Also, due to the low economy, most customers prefer to pay less for same products and services, ev en if they pollute the environment. Due to its popularity, most organisations implement a CSR policy, but in order to generate profits, most companies do not comply with their CSR policies. There are several examples of companies failing to maintain their CSR policies, such as Volkswagen, the company do not care about polluting the environment with their vehicles (Dans 2015). Many corporations evade tax from governments, such as Starbucks and HSBC bank, which reduced the net income of country. To avoid these drawbacks corporations are required to maintain an effective CSR culture in organisational environment and government should also form strict regulations for better compliance of CSR policies by companies. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that currently, corporate social responsibility policies are significantly popular among multinational corporations. Most companies use these policies to enhance their reputation in the market. These policies also assist in the preservation of environmental resources by using of natural energy in the manufacturing process. There are several shortcomings of implementing CSR policys, such as most organisations do not strictly company with such policies. Most shareholders and investors do not prefer CSR policies since it changes companys focus from profit making. Despite such shortcoming, the popularity of CSR policies is rising significantly. For successful and effective implementation it is necessary that government prepared several regulations. Some effort from companies is also necessary to establish a CSR environment in the corporation. The benefits of CSR policy considerably overcome its shortcomings. References Alter, L., 2017. How green is Apple? A look at their Environmental Responsibility Report. TreeHugger. Retrieved from https://www.treehugger.com/environmental-policy/how-green-apple-look-their-environmental-responsibility-report.html Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Dans, E., 2015. Volkswagen And The Failure Of Corporate Social Responsibility. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2015/09/27/volkswagen-and-the-failure-of-corporate-social-responsibility/#460f7af4405c Dhaliwal, D., Li, O.Z., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial transparency.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(4), pp.328-355. Hopkins, M., 2012.Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution?. Earthscan. Joshua., 2016. 66% of consumers willing to pay more for sustainable goods, Nielsen report reveals. Ashton Manufacturing. Retrieved from https://ashtonmanufacturing.com.au/66-of-consumers-willing-to-pay-more-for-sustainable-goods-nielsen-report-reveals/ Kim, Y., Li, H. and Li, S., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and stock price crash risk.Journal of Banking Finance,43, pp.1-13. Kim, Y., Park, M.S. and Wier, B., 2012. Is earnings quality associated with corporate social responsibility?.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.761-796. Melo, T. and Garrido?Morgado, A., 2012. Corporate reputation: A combination of social responsibility and industry.Corporate social responsibility and environmental management,19(1), pp.11-31. Reverte, C., 2012. The impact of better corporate social responsibility disclosure on the cost of equity capital.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(5), pp.253-272. Rivera, J.J., Bigne, E. and Curras-Perez, R., 2016. Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility perception on consumer satisfaction with the brand. Spanish Journal of Marketing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjme.2016.06.002 Robinson, N., 2015. HSBC bank 'helped clients dodge millions in tax'. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-31248913 Wang, U., 2016. How Google is using big data to protect the environment. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/oct/12/google-environmental-sustainability-data-kate-brandt

Decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction (Cod) of Simulated Textile Wastewater Using Fenton’s Reagent Essay Example

Decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction (Cod) of Simulated Textile Wastewater Using Fenton’s Reagent Essay Nature is threatened by the environmental contamination caused by the wastewater produced and discharged every day. Wastes coming from the industrial and agricultural sectors contribute a large portion. One such industry is the textile industry.About 42,000 L of wastewater is discharged daily by each of the textile industries (Maravilla, 2003 as cited by Africa, 2005). Industrial wastewater from manufacturing sources contributes a devastating effect on the body of water as well as effects on individual’s health. Production of large volumes of highly colored wastewater is one problem encountered in a textile industry. It has been estimated to generate 1 to 2 million gallons per day of wastewater (Freeman, 1995). Every textile industry is unique with respect to the type of production and the technology and chemicals used in production.Thus, it is often unusual to predict the characteristics of textile wastewater by using reported values in the literature. Other factors are the d ifferent requirements of the fibers and the different quality required for the final fabric. Amount of pollutants present in textile wastewater varies according to the wastewater management practices and amount of water used in the production. The water consumption and wastewater generation from a textile industry depends upon the processing operations used during the conversion of fibers to textile fabric.Wastewater from the textile industry is characterized with high values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which can cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); color; and pH. The dyeing section in a textile industry contributes a high level of COD, which is toxic to biological life. This high level of COD comes from the chemicals used in the operation. The high alkalinity interferes with the biological treatment process and high color makes the water unfit for use. Due to the harmful effects of the chemicals present in wastewater, intensive researches in new advanced treatment technologies are conducted.Appropriate treatment methods for wastewaters containing toxic or non-biodegradable compounds are developed. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are often employed in the treatment of textile wastewaters. Reduction of the COD and BOD levels are often done with the use of oxidants. AOP includes chemical oxidation processes using hydrogen peroxide, ozone, combined ozone and peroxide, hypochlorite, and Fenton’s reagent; ultra-violet enhanced oxidation such as UV/ozone, UV/hydrogen peroxide, and UV/air; and wet air oxidation and catalytic wet air oxidation.Fenton’s treatment is a highly competitive method, which is being used in the wastewater industry to treat a variety of industrial wastes containing a range of toxic organic compounds such as phenols, formaldehyde, BTEX, and complex wastes derived from dyestuffs, pesticides, wood preservatives, plastic additives, and rubber chemicals. The advantages of a Fenton process , being an AOP, are process operability, unattended operation, the absence of secondary wastes, and the ability to handle fluctuating flow rates and compositions.On the other hand, it requires a higher capital and operating costs. Basically, Fenton’s reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or wastewater. Fenton process has a high efficiency and can even mineralize organic compounds completely to water and carbon dioxide. In synthesis, the outstanding characteristics and principal advantages of the use of peroxide in the suitable combination with ferrous sulphate are: 1) Knock down of surface-active agents; 2) Page 2 of 13Mineralization of the polluter with reduction of COD of about 40-60% and more; 3) Maintenance of the purification independently from the polluting load; 4) Chemical degradation of the polluting agent; and 5) Forecasts of the use of reagents which do not leave pollutant residues in the treated wastew ater through treatment. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Actual wastewater was simulated using Reactive Turquoise Blue KNG dye and was subjected to analysis and treatments. The study evaluated the efficacy of Fenton’s Reagent in the color removal and COD reduction of a simulated textile wastewater (STW).It was then characterized in terms of pH, color (PCU), and COD. The effects of varying the amount of hydrogen peroxide (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL), iron catalyst (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL), and the concentration of the simulated textile wastewater (300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm) on the COD reduction and percent color removal were determined. 3. 3. 1 METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3. 1. 1 Preparation and Initial Characterization of Simulated Textile Wastewater One liter of 6000 ppm (mg/L) simulated textile wastewater was prepared as a stock solution.Solutions of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm were prepared from the stock solution and then kept in a dark container. The initial pH, color, and COD of the stock solution were measured using the pH meter and Hach Spectrophotometer. Characterization of the untreated STW is shown in Table 3. 1. Table 3. 1 Initial Characteristics of the Simulated Textile Wastewater Concentration (ppm) 300 400 500 600 700 pH 3. 39 2. 96 3. 12 2. 80 3. 88 Color (PCU) 48. 00 48. 33 53. 00 54. 00 64. 33 COD (ppm) 217. 67 269. 67 338. 00 495. 67 583. 33 3. 1. 2 Treatment of the Simulated Textile WastewaterThe treatment with Fenton’s reagent proceeded in three levels which include the effects of varying the amount of Hydrogen Peroxide, effects of varying the amount of iron catalyst, and the effects of varying the STW concentration. The succeeding level is dependent on its preceding level. Five glass jars were used as the reaction vessels. Twenty-five milliliters of the 300 ppm dye solution was placed in each vessel. The pH was then adjusted to 3. 2 – 3. 5 using a pH meter using 10% sulphuric acid (H2SO4). After which, 1 mL of 10% Fe SO44†¢7H2O was added.Hydrogen peroxide of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL was then added slowly and the solution was allowed to react. The reaction was then allowed to proceed until no evident of bubble formation due to gas evolution. The Page 3 of 13 time from the hydrogen peroxide addition up to which the reaction stopped was recorded. The solution was cooled to room temperature. Then, the pH was adjusted to pH 9-10 by adding 1M NaOH to precipitate the iron. The filtrate was then used in the pH, color, and COD analysis. Finally, the best ratio was determined in accord to the allowable concentration requirements.The volume of the H2O2 of the chosen ratio was used and held constant in determining the effects of varying the amounts of the iron catalyst. Using the same procedure employed in determining the effects of varying the amounts of H2O2, Iron catalyst were added instead. Amounts of the iron catalyst were added in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL. The best ratio was determined by considering its COD reduction. The amount of the iron catalyst in this ratio was used and held constant in the determination of the effects of varying the STW concentration.For determining the effects of varying the concentration of the wastewater samples, the best ratio that was determined in the second level treatment was used following the same procedure to measure the pH, color removal, and COD reduction for the treated wastewater. The best ratio was determined by considering its COD reduction. 3. 2 METHODS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Similarly, statistical analysis of the raw data proceeded in three levels as well, which acted as the factors: varying the Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), varying the Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate (FeSO44†¢7H2O), and varying the Simulated Textile Wastewater (STW) concentration.Each level’s interest is on the color removal and COD reduction (both are considered as response). Microsoft Excel and Minitab 14 and a few of the SAS system were used in the analysis of the data obtained. Three trials were conducted in each of the three levels where in five inputs (volume or concentration) were evaluated. There were a total of 15 observations in the experimental design. Analysis of Variance (One way ANOVA) was employed to examine the effect of each of the factor on the response (% color removal and % COD reduced).A 5% level of significance was used in the ANOVA. In addition, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for the experimental results of the % Color and COD removed were employed. The experimental design will also make use of the Multiple Linear Regression to establish the relationship between these three factors. A 95% confidence level was used. 4. RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSES The effect of each level on the Color removal and COD reduction was analyzed using the One Way ANOVA at 5% significance level. 4. 1 VARYING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 4. 1. 1 Dependent Variable: Color Page 4 of 13 Table 4. Effect of Varying H2O2 on the Color Removal from STW H2O2 , mL 5 10 15 20 25 Average color removal (%) Trial 1 97. 92 98. 60 97. 92 98. 60 100. 00 Trial 2 98. 60 97. 92 98. 60 97. 92 100. 00 Trial 3 97. 92 98. 60 98. 60 97. 92 100. 00 Average color removal (%) 98. 14 98. 38 98. 37 98. 16 100. 00 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 2 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying H2O2 on the Color Removal from STW SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance H2O2= 5 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 H2O2=10 3 295. 12 98. 37333 0. 15413 H2O2=15 3 295. 12 98. 37333 0. 15413 H2O2=20 3 294. 44 98. 4667 0. 15413 H2O2=25 3 300 100 0 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 7. 42037 1. 23306 8. 65344 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 85509 0. 12330 F 15. 04455 P-value 0. 00031 F crit 3. 47805 It can be seen in the ANOVA table (Table 4. 2) that F gt; Fcrit, therefore at least one group for the %Color removed at varying H2O2 levels is different at 5% level of significance. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 0. 035185Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 3532 3 0. 3680 4 0. 3764 5 0. 3813 Page 5 of 13 Duncan Grouping A A A A B Mean 0. 8889 0. 7778 0. 7778 0. 7778 0 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 20 5 15 10 25 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 1. 2 Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 3 Effect of Varying H2O2 on the COD Reduction H2O2, mL 5 10 15 20 25 Average COD removal (%) Trial 1 89. 28 89. 59 91. 42 94. 03 96. 63 Trial 2 87. 29 89. 13 92. 65 92. 80 97. 85 Trial 3 88. 06 88. 97 92. 65 95. 25 97. 70 Average COD removal (%) 88. 21 89. 23 92. 24 94. 03 97. 40 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewaterTable 4. 4 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying H2O2 on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance H2O2=5 3 264. 63 88. 21 1. 0069 H2O2=10 3 267. 69 89. 23 0. 1036 H2O2=15 3 276. 72 92. 24 0. 5043 H2O2=20 3 282. 08 94. 02667 1. 50063 H2O2=2 5 3 292. 18 97. 39333 0. 44263 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 165. 14407 7. 11613 172. 2602 df 4 10 14 MS 41. 28602 0. 71161 F 58. 01749 P-value 6. 97E-07 F crit 3. 47805 From the ANOVA table 4. 4, F which is equal to 58. 01749 is a lot greater than the critical value for F (3. 7805), therefore there is a significant difference in the average % COD Reduction at varying H2O2. Hydrogen Peroxide concentration is a contributing factor for the Color removal. Page 6 of 13 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 1. 739154 Number of Means Critical Range 2 2. 483 3 2. 588 4 2. 646 5 2. 681 Duncan Grouping B B A A C C Mean 17. 810 16. 342 14. 215 12. 442 N 3 3 3 3 Ratio 25 20 10 15 D 7. 05 3 5 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 2 VARYING FERROUS SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE Similar ly, ANOVA tables 4. 6 and 4. 8 shows F values gt; Fcrit, which signifies that at least one group for the % Color removed and %COD reduced at varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O levels is different at 5% alpha level. 4. 2. 1 Dependent Variable: Color Table 4. 5 Effect of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the Color Removal from STW Average color removal (%) Fe2SO4†¢7H2O, Average color mL removal (%) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 1 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 2 99. 31 98. 60 99. 31 99. 08 3 98. 60 99. 31 99. 31 99. 08 4 97. 2 97. 92 98. 60 98. 15 5 98. 60 97. 92 97. 92 98. 15 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 6 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the Color Removal from STW SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=1 3 300 100 0 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=2 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=3 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=4 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=5 3 294. 44 98. 14667 0. 15413 Page 7 of 13 ANOVA Source of V ariation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 7. 21317 1. 28866 8. 50184 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 80329 0. 12887 F 13. 99348 P-value 0. 00042 F crit 3. 47805Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 3341 0. 05 8 0. 031482 3 0. 3481 4 0. 3560 5 0. 3607 Duncan Grouping A A B B C 4. 2. 2 Mean 0. 8889 0. 8889 0. 4444 0. 4444 0. 0000 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 5 4 3 2 1 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 7 Effect of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the COD Reduction Fe2SO4†¢7H2O, mL 1 2 3 4 5 Average COD removal (%) Trial 1 96. 63 92. 96 92. 50 91. 3 93. 42 Trial 2 97. 85 94. 49 94. 34 92. 65 93. 42 Trial 3 97. 70 92. 50 92. 96 92. 19 90. 50 Average COD removal (%) 97. 40 93. 31 93. 26 92. 19 92. 45 *300 ppm simulated textile wastewater Table 4. 8 One Way ANOVA for th e Effect of Varying Fe2SO4†¢7H2O on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=1 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=2 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=3 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=4 Fe2SO4†¢7H2O=5 Count 3 3 3 3 3 Sum 292. 18 279. 95 279. 8 276. 57 277. 34 Average 97. 39333 93. 31667 93. 26667 92. 19 92. 44667 Variance 0. 44263 1. 08543 0. 91693 0. 2116 2. 84213 Page 8 of 13 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 53. 714 10. 9975 64. 4689 df 4 10 14 MS 13. 36786 1. 09975 F 12. 15540 P-value 0. 00074 F crit 3. 47805 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square Number of Means Critical Range 2 3. 625 0. 05 8 3. 707414 3 3. 778 4 3. 863 5 3. 914 Duncan Grouping A A B C D Mean 25. 667 23. 444 16. 889 13. 000 5. 667 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 1 2 3 4 5 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different 4. 3 VARYING SIMULATED TEXTILE WASTEWAT ER CONCENTRATION 4. 3. Dependent Variable: Color Average color removal (%) Trial 1 100. 00 99. 31 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Trial 2 100. 00 99. 31 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Trial 3 100. 00 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 Table 4. 9 Effect of Varying STW concentration on the Color Removal STW concentration, ppm 300 400 500 600 700 Average color removal (%) 100. 00 99. 08 98. 60 98. 60 98. 60 * Ratio: 1mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL simulated textile wastewater Page 9 of 13 Table 4. 10 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying STW concentration on the Color Removal SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance STW conc. 300 3 300 100 0 STW conc. =400 3 297. 22 99. 07333 0. 16803 STW conc. =500 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 STW conc. =600 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 STW conc. =700 3 295. 8 98. 6 3. 02923 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 4. 44651 0. 33607 4. 78257 df 4 10 14 MS 1. 11163 0. 03361 F 33. 07756 P-value 9. 68E-06 F crit 3. 47805 Duncan’s Multiple Range Tes t for Color NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 0. 007407 Number of Means Critical Range 2 0. 1620 3 0. 1689 4 0. 727 5 0. 1750 Duncan Grouping A A A B C 4. 3. 2 Mean 0. 66667 0. 66667 0. 66667 0. 44444 0. 00000 N 3 3 3 3 3 Ratio 7 6 5 4 3 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different Dependent Variable: COD Table 4. 11 Effect of Varying STW concentration on the COD Reduction Average COD removal (%) STW concentration, ppm Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 300 400 500 600 700 96. 63 93. 42 89. 89 82. 39 79. 63 97. 85 93. 42 90. 96 86. 98 82. 39 97. 70 93. 57 89. 43 85. 15 78. 26 Average COD removal (%) 97. 40 93. 47 90. 10 84. 84 80. 09 * Ratio: 1mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL simulated textile wastewaterPage 10 of 13 Table 4. 12 One Way ANOVA for the Effect of Varying STW concentration on the COD Reduction SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance S TW conc. =300 3 292. 18 97. 39333 0. 44263 STW conc. =400 3 280. 41 93. 47 0. 0075 STW conc. =500 3 270. 28 90. 09333 0. 61623 STW conc. =600 3 254. 52 84. 84 5. 3391 STW conc. =700 3 240. 28 80. 09333 4. 42523 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total SS 564. 30064 21. 6614 585. 96204 df 4 10 14 MS 141. 07516 2. 16614 F 65. 12744 P-value 4. 0146E-07 F crit 3. 478055 As can be seen from the ANOVA tables 4. 10 and 4. 2, F values gt; Fcrit, therefore it can be said that at least one group for the % Color removed and %COD reduced at varying STW concentration levels is different at 5% significance level. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for COD NOTE: This test controls the type I comparison wise error test, not the experiment wise error rate. Alpha Error Degrees of Freedom Error Mean Square 0. 05 8 3. 340745 Number of Means Critical Range Duncan Grouping A A A A B 2 3. 441 3 3. 586 4 3. 667 N 3 3 3 3 3 5 3. 716 Ratio 6 7 5 4 3 Mean 17. 000 16. 444 14. 667 14. 556 5 . 667 *Means with the same letter are not significantly different . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of Fenton’s reagent in treating a simulated textile wastewater in terms of color and COD was studied. The treatment was divided into three levels which include the varying of the amount of hydrogen peroxide, amount of iron catalyst, and concentration of the simulated textile Page 11 of 13 wastewater. The effects of H2O2, iron catalyst, and simulated textile wastewater concentration on the color removal and COD reduction were studied. The simulated textile wastewater was initially characterized in terms of pH, color, and COD content.The values obtained are 2. 87, 48 PCU, and 217. 67 ppm, respectively. Though the initial color was already an acceptable value based on the DAO 35, the pH was highly acidic and the COD value is higher compared to the standard. In the first level of treatment, the H2O2 was varied at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL. The amount of Fe2SO4 †¢7H2O and d ye solution was fixed at 1 mL and 25 mL, respectively. The amount of H2O2 that produced the highest COD reduction was used in the next level of treatment where the amount of Fe2SO4 †¢7H2O was varied at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL.Moreover, the amount of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O that produced the highest COD reduction was held constant for the last level. The STW concentration was varied at 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm wherein the ratio used was 1 mL Fe2SO4†¢7H2O : 25 mL H2O2 : 25 mL STW concentration, which basically produced the highest COD reduction. From the study, it was found out that increasing the amount of H2O2, increases the percent COD removal. Moreover, the highest percent COD reduction was obtained at the smallest amount of iron catalyst which is 1 mL.However, the increase in the amount of the iron catalyst returned insignificant effect on the percent COD removal of the dye wastewater. In addition, the COD removal decreased as the concentration of the dye solution increas ed. In terms of color removal, the results obtained at the different levels of experiment showed that the color was removed almost completely after the reaction with Fenton’s reagent. All in all, it can be said that the Fenton’s reagent was very effective in treating the simulated textile wastewater containing Reactive Turquoise Blue KNG dye. The iron-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide has been efficient in removing color and educing the chemical oxygen demand content of a textile wastewater based on the statistical analyses conducted. 6. RECOMMENDATION However, it is recommended to conduct additional experiments such as using the amount of H2O2 that produced the three highest COD reduction instead of using only one (the highest among the five volumes) as well as the three highest COD reduced using the three amounts of Fe2SO4†¢7H2O. In this way, interaction between the three factors using a three-way ANOVA can be obtained thereby coming up with the most effective H2O2- F e2SO4†¢7H2O-STW concentration combination in terms of % COD and color removal.In addition, a multiple linear regression can also be constructed for the parameter interaction which will be a useful tool in predicting the % COD reduction specific for the textile industry. Page 12 of 13 7. REFERENCES Copper Blue 2B dye using Fenton’s process. Undergraduate Thesis. CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. AFRICA, V. J. L. (2005). Color and COD removal from a simulated textile wastewater containing Direct MARAVILLA, J. T. (2003). Adsorption of Basic Auramine Orange dye from synthetic textile mill effluent using char and activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse. Undergraduate Thesis.CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. FREEMAN, H. M. (1995). Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook. Mc-GrawHill, Inc. 829-843 p. HALL, A. J. (1965). The Standard Handbook of Textiles. New York: Chemical Publishing Co. , Inc. ABRAHART, E. N. (1968). Dyes and their Intermediates. Lon don: Pergamon Press Ltd. BIGDA, R. J. (1995). Consider Fenton’s chemistry for wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Progress. 62-66. EATON, A. D. , L. S. CLESCERI and A. E. GREENBERG. ed. (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Baltimore, Maryland: United Book Press, Inc.HOLLEN, N. et al. (1988). Textiles. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 336-340 p. KUO, W. G. (1992). Decolorizing dye wastewater with Fenton’s reagent. Water Research. 26(7): 881886. SNOWDEN-SWAN. (1995). Pollution Prevention in the Textile Industries. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, Inc. SUMALAPAO, E. P. (2005). Color removal and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction from simulated textile wastewater containing Basic Methylene Blue using Fenton’s Reagent. Undergraduate Thesis. CEAT, University of the Philippines Los Banos. Page 13 of 13

Life Of Walt Disney essays

Life Of Walt Disney essays Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, to Elias (Schickel,124) and Flora Disney (Walt Disney: A Biography,1). He was born in Chicago, Illinois to poverty. Disney had four other siblings (Walt Disney: A Biography,1) which included three brothers named Roy, Raymond, and Herbert and a sister named Ruth.(Through the Years 1859-1909,1-2) When he was four years old his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. At the age of eight Disney came to the conclusion that he wanted to draw cartoons like they did in the newspapers. The only problem was his family had no money for paper and pencils. In addition, his father thought drawing was a waste of time (DeWitt,10). When Disney was sixteen years old he, left the farm to join the service. While in the service, he drove an ambulance, and during his free time he would draw (Schickel,124). After he had left the service, he made cartoon advertisements that were shown in the movies (Disney(Walter Elias)Walt,1), until he set up a shop in Kansas City, Missouri. Then in 1923, at age 22, he opened a cartoon studio in Hollywood, California (Schickel,124). Later on, Disney married a lovely woman named Lillian and had two daughters, Diane and Sharon (Schindehette,52). In 1927, the famous mouse named Mickey was created by Ub Iwerks, who first envisioned the mouse (Phillips,100) but Lillian was credited with naming him (Schindehette,52). On the day of September 19, 1928, Steamboat Willie was released which starred Mickey; it was the first movie with a soundtrack (Knauer,118). For the next few years after that, a new Mickey film came to theaters every month! The movie Silly Symphony included the soon to be famous Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto (Disney(Walter Elias)Walt,1). Between the years of 1929 through 1939, Disney produced a series of full-color animated cartoons. Flowers and Trees was the first film in f...

Treatment of Older People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Treatment of Older People - Essay Example Generally nurses are legally held responsible for their practice and they are also accountable for it. For instance, to practice as a registered nurse lawfully in the United Kingdom, the nurse is bound to hold a up-to-date and valid registration given by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The Health Provision Act demands that standards of practice as well as the code of ethics should be assumed by a professional according to Chitty (2005). The ethical practice of nursing in the UK demands that nurses who have been registered with NMC should practice with respect, honesty and integrity while complying with the NMC code of ethics. Secondly the registered nurse is supposed to report unskilled practice of nursing or any unprofessional conduct by any person to the right person, professional body or relevant agency. Thirdly, the registered nurse works towards saving and enhancing the rights of the patients to privacy, autonomy, respect, dignity as well as to access of information. Th e registered nurse should also adopt responsibility to ensure a professional and therapeutic relationship with patients. Furthermore, the registered nurse advocates for environment that possess an organizational as well as individual support systems. The environment should also have resource important to competence, safe and ethical nursing practice. Nurses sustain principles of equity and fairness which are required by the legal system so as to assist people to get share of health services and resources equal to their needs while promoting social justice. It is illegal for nurses to discriminate while providing nursing care whether on basis of culture, race, social, and ethnicity, marital or religious beliefs among others. The legal system requires that nurses should consider fair allocation of resources which is under control and based on individual needs of those under care as suggested by Brent (2001). Nurses are required by the legal system to put into first consideration the i nterest people under their care. This involves assisting people and groups to gain access to the right healthcare of their choice. It is upon the nurses to advocate for appropriate and ethical care at the community and organizational level. This is achieved through participating in development, implementation and the continuous review of policies as well as procedures which provide quality care for individual. It is according to the legal system, that nurses should uphold health policies as well as decision making procedures that are steady with prevailing information and research. There is the need for nurses to advocate for fairness as well as inclusiveness in allocation of health resources. The legal system also holds it that nurses should be aware of the general health concerns including environmental issues, violation of individual rights, violence, world hunger and homelessness among others. Role of nurses in health policies The role of the nurses in health policies is guided by their expertise as well as their healthcare knowledge on the basis of training, experience and practice. According to the policy it is their responsibility to ensure honesty and ethics in their practice. The nurses have the responsibility of exerting a considerable control over the health care policy, the policy makers as well as congress generally. Following the prevailing shortage of nurses it is upon the